jueves, 17 de mayo de 2012

Colombian Children: Mutators


The term meme is very abstract and hard to comprehend when we don’t have an actual example of it. Since nearly everything, a jingle, a word, a picture, and idea is a meme it’s hard to wrap your head around such a broad concept. I understood what a gene was, or at least that’s what I thought, and if the meme was the cultural equivalent of the gene, then I would just have to apply the same characteristics of a gene into an idea. Dawkins explains that perfectly in page 194, but only one sentence brought a tangible example to my mind of what a meme is, more precisely two.
“At first sight, it looks as if memes are not high fidelity replicators at all.” Pg.194
The first things that came to my mind where a jingle and a song that have obstinately fixed themselves in my mind for the last thirteen years or so. The first was the jingle for Colombian margarine “La Fina”, and the later the song “Quando m’Innamoro” made famous in Colombia by The Sandpipers. I thought that if these two had prevailed in the meme pool for such a long time (mid seventies to now), considering faster communication often shortens the lifespan of memes, they must be good memes. There’s only one explanation to that, and it has to do with them no being high fidelity replicators. Both the jingle and the song have not survived in my, my mother’s, father’s, family’s and friends’ mind in their original shapes. The two memes have consistently mutated over the years, but these mutations have assured their survival.
As a child of four I felt sneaky and funny when singing,

“La Fina, la más cochina,
la que se orina en la mesa y cocina.
La Fina a todos nos gusta más,
Sobre todo al perro Nicolás.”

The last part varies between that and “el perro de Tomás”. Evidently this would not be the original jingle, as no sane (or competent for that matter) publicist would advertise their product as being filthy and urinating on the table and the kitchen, much less that this was of the liking of a dog. But the change in the lyrics made the jingle more appealing, funnier. It caused endless laughter in my mother’s kindergarten peers as it did with mine. If it weren’t for this mutation, the meme wouldn’t have prevailed as easily. Ask any Colombian (or Bogotano at least) five year old, and they’ll know the children’s version (ironically more obscene than the adult version) and not the original one.
The exact same situation applies to “Quando m’Innamoro”. The survival of this meme in its original form was very improbable, for it is a song in Italian, making it hard to learn for the Spanish speaking audience. Nevertheless, the melody being apt for any pair of ears stuck on the mind of every adult, teen, and child of the early seventies in Bogota. An ingenious mind decided to adapt the lyrics to ones more attractive, per se.
The original chorus goes:

Quando m'innamoro
Io do tutto il bene
A chi è innamorato di me,
E non c'è nessuno
Che mi può cambiare,
Che mi può staccare da lui.

The meme nevertheless survived in Colombian minds as:

Cuando me enamoro
Voy al inodoro
Y hago lo que tengo que hacer.
Se abren las compuertas
Sale un submarino
Y se oye una gran explosión.

As we tend to stick with what we have learned in our childhood, and because the majority of Colombians do not speak Italian, the later is the meme that has survived in our minds.
These kinds of mutations occur all over the world and in every kind of existing meme. The former are examples of how the replication process is not exact, but that the survival of an idea is the sole justification of its existence. If it weren’t for that change, or that bit, the idea simply would not be present. 

martes, 15 de mayo de 2012

The Gene Conspiracy


Vocabulary Chapter 3:

DNA: a molecule made of nucleotides that stores genetic information.
Longevity: a long individual life; great duration of individual life
Fecundity: the quality of being fecund ; capacity, especially in female animals, of producing young in great numbers
A gene: any portion of chromosomal material that potentially lasts for enough generations to serve as a unit of natural selection
Allele: an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. These DNA codings determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring
Mitosis: normal division of a cell into two new cells, each one receiving a complete copy of all 46 chromosomes.
Meiosis:  a special kind of cell division, taking place only in testicles and ovaries, in which a cell with the full double set of 46 chromosomes divides to form sex cells with the single set of 23 (all the time using the human numbers for illustration).
Point Mutation:  single base substitution, is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic code.
Inversion: When a piece of chromosome detaches itself at both ends, turns head over heels, and reattaches itself in the inverted position
Cistron: a sequence of nucleotide letters lying between a START and an END symbol
Gene pool: Genes of the population in the long term.



Before reading Chapter 3 of The Selfish Gene, the reader is prone to get a wrong impression on Dawkins’ theory. One (me) might get the impression of reading a Science Fiction novel that describes a world of candid creatures who think they own their destiny. They are sure everything they think is true, and carry on arrogant lives when in fact there is a sub world of selfish genes controlling every aspect of their life, using them as mere tools to prolong their existence. The naïve creatures fight each other, care about the other, and have stupid ambitions of power and wealth, all the while genes are laughing at their own creations for their dreams of greatness, and thinking they are their own masters. However, paradox lies in all of this: although the genes repudiate the way things have turned out for their puppets, they must fight hard battles for their existence, because the presence of those creatures on earth is the only thing that assures theirs.  The novel, of course, would be titled “The Hidden Battle: Survival Machines” or something like that.

Well, as it turns out, there is no gene conspiracy in nature, no conscious microscopic beings laughing at us while keeping us alive in the pursuit of bigger ambitions. As Dawkins says, “Genes have no foresight. They do not plan ahead. Genes just are, some genes more so than others, and that is all there is to it.” (Pg.24)
Chapter 3 is full of relieving explanations for the dreamy reader, like me. Although we continue to be survival machines, this reality is no longer preoccupying or apt for a Sci-Fi novel, but rather it explains some important aspects of our existence. For example, what is the relationship between our body and our genes?

 “Genes do indirectly control the manufacture of bodies, and the influence is strictly one way: acquired characteristics are not inherited…A body is the genes' way of preserving the genes unaltered.” (Pg: 24)
also
 “The evolutionary importance of the fact that genes control embryonic development is this: it means that genes are at least partly responsible for their own survival in the future, because their survival depends on the efficiency of the bodies in which they live and which they helped to build.” (Pg. 24)

Dawkins expands on the characteristics of the genes.

"The life of any one physical DNA molecule is quite short—perhaps a matter of months, certainly not more than one lifetime. But a DNA molecule could theoretically live on in the form of copies of itself for a hundred million years." (Pg. 35)

Genetic information is therefore the only thing that matters. Information is what survives, changes, and makes every living thing on earth. We are just the physical representation of this information, their survival machine. And because “the gene is the basic unit of selfishness.” (Pg.36) and we the representations of these genes, beings are consequently selfish.
Our selfish nature is reflected on our behavior, as will be further explained in the next entry. 

lunes, 14 de mayo de 2012

A Dash of Perspective


Vocabulary Ch.2:

Stable thing: a collection of atoms that is permanent enough or common enough to deserve a name.

Primeval soup: chemical conditions of the seas before the coming of life.

Replicator: molecule with the property of being able to create copies of itself.

Survival Machines: robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes.

Humanity never ceases to amaze me when finding ways to put its existence in different perspectives. First they use numbers. There are 6,840,507,003 people living in this earth, theres a total of 1,740,330 existing species, imagine the number of individuals wandering around, and you, my friend are just one tiny speck of dust in the midst of eternal filthiness. Our existence is reduced even more if we talk in spatial terms. The size of our earth, our neighboring planets, "our" solar system, The Milky Way, and infinite space, represent dimensions so grand, they are hard even to imagine. Nevertheless, Richard Dawkins has proposed the most eye opening, ego diminishing way of perceiving our existence. That we are survival machines for selfish molecules looking to prolong their existence. That the preservation of these genes is "the ultimate rationale for our existence" (Pg.20) 
Well, this saves a whole lot of reflection on the purpose of life. As we and every other species in this earth is ultimately just a survival machine for replicators (genes). 
Upon understanding this and henceforward, very simple terms sum up life and history.
Where do we come from? Primeval soup.
How did things come to be the way they are? Cumulative mistakes in the replication process.
Where are we going? Wherever these mistakes take us.

I find Dawkins' selfish gene theory simultaneously baffling and comforting. Comforting because any explanation is comforting, as is Creationism, or Reincarnation, they all provide an answer. Whether true or not, is irrelevant, what is the truth anyway?  I find it baffling, because when a survival machine can acknowledge that it is a survival machine, then it has discovered the meaning of its existences, meaning it is no longer just a survival machine for selfish genes.

Let me expand. In his book, Dawkins arguments that every living creature in our planet is but a survival machine for selfish genes. As I said before, Dawkins puts our existence in a different perspective. Now I do not know if pigs, ferns, or yeast knows they are mere survival machines, but I’m going to assume they don’t. Yet humans do, and if it is true then we have come to know the reason why we exist, backed up with scientific facts!
By trying not to play God, he ends up doing just that. Because the fact that he claims to know the reason we exist, rips us of our condition of survival machines, and gives us the power to play with it.

Without wanting, (or perhaps he did) Dawkins joined the group of human beings that claimed to be a superior species.